2.4.2. Application of standards.
Solving designing problems, a designer is required to do the follow ing:
-firstly; at the stage of setting a problem already to take into ac
count both national and international standards (for the quality of expected
product, technology of agricultural production, main machine parameters,
demands to labour protection, ecology); standards for constructive elements
of lower level of complication being important so far as they influence the
conception of the whole product. Such standards are taken into account dur
ing technical-economical estimation of a product;
-secondly, to make technical documents for a product, especially
technical drawings of all levels, in accordance with standard demands, a com
plete set of documents, necessary for production of machine, being full,
tested and approved by standardization department;
-thirdly, to try *o maximally use standardized elements during de
signing. This rule .doesn't restrict a designer in his work but simplifies and
speeds up acquiring of the final resu't. During whole designing process it is
necessary to make со stant inquires about standardized constructive elements, semi-finished items, materials and the demands to them (fits, tolerances, threads, etc.);
-in the fourth place, to use standards for technological processes
and methods of testing quality of machine production in order to increase
adaptability to manufacture of designed details;
-in the fifth place, if it is impossible to carry out standard's de
mands, to receive a permission of standardization department for deviation
from standard's demands;
-in the sixth "place, putting changes into documents for a product,
to take introduction of new and annulling of old standards into account;
-in the seventh place, to try to obtain elaboration of corresponding
standards, if high level of repetition of usage of new products (processes) is
foreseen;
-in the eighth place, to estimate constantly standardization level of
elaborated machine, using standardization coefficient
K=Dn/D,
where Dn - number of details in an item, including all details, manufactured during production process of an item and also details, produced with cooperation with other enterprises, and so-called "bought" details, irrespective of the fact, whether they're standardized or not; D- ntimbet of details, the drawing are made for.
Application of standardization methods in machine designing allows:- to increase labour productivity and to lower production cost at expense of increase of production volumes; to use newest technical achievements ; to improve quality, to provide Interchangeability of details, units and machines, to decrease volume of designing and drawing works; to simplify stocks operation, to facilitate international division of labour.
Search of the required standards is carried out with the help of a guide. It is annually published by a committee of standardization, metrology and testing of goods in Council of Ministers of Russia. This list contains main part, numbered and subject guide.
Main part contains all standards of Russia, approved and published in "Bulletin of standards of Russia» and branch standards with bibliographic descriptions in order of numbers.
Numbered guide contains standards of the USSR, branch standards and information maps, absent in the main part, arranged in increasing succession of members with indexes of publishing date and index of main part.
Subject guide is correspondent to the main plot of standards and composed in alphabetical order with searching indexes.
In the search of required standard both subject and numbered guides are used. Lists of standards are arranged in the order of their number increase, that's why it always necessary to determine number of standard first of all. In elaborating designing documents it is always necessary to bear the following rule in mind: to check and take into account the plot of standards on a correspondent theme, and to perform search of standards always according to the universal -decimal classification (UDC) or a key word. It is always necessary to use the latest guide of standards as in every new edition indexes can be changed.
Translate the following words into Russian, use them in your rendering of the text:
Application, solving, designer, required, firstly, setting a problem, take into account, both and, agricultural production, labour protection, constructive elements, complication, conception, estimation, secondly, of all levels, in accordance with, set of documents, approved, thirdly, to maximally use, rule, restrict, simplifies and speeds, acquiring, constant inquires, fits, tolerances, threads, in the fourth place, quality of machine, in order to, adaptability, manufacture, in the fifth place, to carry out, to receive a permission, in the sixth place, to take introduction, annulling, in; the seventh place, to obtain elaboration, repetition of usage, foreseen, in the eighth place, elaborated machine, manufactured during production process, enterprises, irrespective of, application, increase labour productivity, lower production cost, expense, volumes, newest technical achievements, quality, interchange ability, units and machines, to facilitate, division of labour, search of the required standards, of a guide, a committee, metrology, Council of Ministers, contain, subjects guide, contains, approved, branch standards, bibliographic descriptions, numbered guide, contain, branch standards, information maps, absent, arranged, succession of members, index, subjects guide, to the main plot, composed, searching indexes, in the order of, it is always necessary, to check, the plot, standards on correspondent, perform searcn, key word, edition, indexes.
Give English equivalents for the following:
Применение, стандарт, решение, проект, задача, конструктор, необходимо, этап, постановка, учитывать, качество, ожидаемый, продукт, основные параметры, требования, комплектация, значение, постольку поскольку, оказывать влияние, изделие, выполнять, особенно чертежи, соответствие, проверен, утвержден, отдел стандартизации, стараться, облегчает, ускоряет, запрос, полуфабрикат, посадка, допуск, резьба, проектируемые детали, стандарты, проверка качества, разрешение, стандартизация, отклонения, внесение, аннулирование, предвидится, изделие, разработка, постоянно, оценивать, относиться, кооперация, независимо, чертежи, себестоимость, объем производства, достижения, качество, взаимозаменяемость, разделение труда, поиск, стандарт, производится, указатель, комитет по стандартизации, метрология, контроль товаров, перечень, номерной и предметный указатель, вестник стандартов, отраслевой стандарт, информационные карты, дата издания, дата индекса, порядок возрастания, разработки конструкторской документации, проверять, учитывать, десятичная классификация, ключевое слово.
Subjects for discussion and questions to the text:
1.What standards must be taken into account at the stage of techni
cal-economic estimation of a product?
2.When can you be sure that a set of documents is full?
3.What helps the disigner to speed up the final result?
4.Are there standards for technological processes and methods of
testing of production quality?
5.What do designers do when they cannot carry out demands of e
standard?
6.What coefficient is used to estimate standardization level of a ma
chine being elaborated?
7.What does Dn mean in this formula?
8.Innumerate the advantages of application of standardization
methods in machine disigning?
9.What is of help in carrying out the required standards? Speak
about the three parts of the "Guide of Standards"?
10.What rull is necessary to observe while elaborating designing
documents?
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