2.3.3. Successive development of machines.


Giving a machine reserves of development allows to improve it automatically and to maintain its specification indexes at the level of technical demands. Method of development saves from periodical replacement of outdated models, provides stable output of one design for many years, gives great economic effect and is considered as one of the main ways of reduction of production cost of machinery.

Method of reserves and successive development of machine in contrast to other methods of lowering machine-building production cost described above is universal and applicable to all categories and classes of machines, including unique ones. Reserves put into construction depend upon machine specification. With heat engines the initial model must possess reserves of operating volume, increase of rotational speed and improvement of thermal process. A machine-tool, which productivity is of prime importance, must possess reserves of speed increase and also increase of volume and range of operations performed.

In all cases safety margin and rigidity reserves of inilial model must be provided. Rationality of power diagram of a machine determining common forcing ability of a design, is of prime importance.

Sometimes machine improvement requires further introduction of complementary units (reduction gears, gear-boxes, automation means).They are required to be set without breakage of a design, providing corresponding place and fastening points beforehand.

Alongside with using initial reserves it is necessary to continuously improve a machine, using new technological and designing methods, trying to obtain reduction of mass, energy consumption and to improve reliability, automation degree, etc..

Family of home tractors of MT type can serve a good example of described direction. It has been existing for 20 years in all, and due to continuous modernization is staying one of the best tractors in the world in the corresponding class. During this period of time its capacity was increased from 40 to 142 h/p at expense of rotational speed increase and alteration of fuel system. Service life grew from 10000 to 13000 hours.

Alongside with modernization, carried out by manufacturer it is possible to use reserves in the sphere of operation too.

Give Russian equivalent for the following words and memorize them:


Development, allow, improve, to maintain, technical demands, save, replacement, outdated, provide, stable, output, reduction, production cost, reserves, successive, lowering, described, applicable, including, unique, depend upon, heat engines, operating volume, rotational speed, improvement, thermal process, machine-tool, speed increase, increase of volume, range of operations, rigidity reserves, provided, rationality of power, diagram, determining, forcing ability, requires, complementary units, reduction gears, gearboxes, set, breakage, corresponding, fastening points, beforehand, continuously, technological and designing methods, to obtain, consumption, reliability, automation degree, described direction, existing, staying, capacity, at expense, alteration of fuel system, service life grew, manufacturer, the sphere of operation too.

Find English counterparts for the given word combinations:


Последовательное развитие, придание, резерв, позволять, автоматически, совершенствовать, поддерживать, избавлять, периодическая замена, устаревшие, стабильный выпуск, эффект, снижение, резерв, отличие, рассмотренные выше, универсален, применим, уникальный, исходная модель, тепловой процесс, план, производительность, ресурсы, быстроходность, диапазон, обеспечить, запас прочности, исходная модель, рациональность, определяющая, присущая, форсировка, нередко, ломка, предусматривая, крепежные точки, наряду, пользуясь, энергоемкость, автоматизация, пример, семейство, трактор, в общей сложности, благодаря, модернизация, возможна, сфера, эксплуатация.

Subjects for discussion and questions to the text;


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